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eMapper: Database abstraction layer that maps data types

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emapper 3.0.0BSD License5.4Databases
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This package implements a database abstraction layer that maps data types.

It can connect to SQL database servers and execute queries allowing the types of the values passed to the database or returned in the results to be mapped according to a supported list of data types that can be extended.

It provides drivers to access many databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL and SQLite.

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eMapper ============== **The Extensible Data Mapper library for PHP** <br/> **Author**: Emmanuel Antico <br/> **Version**: 3.2.0 <br/> Changelog ------------------ <br/> 2014-08-28 - Version 3.2.0 * Added: Associations. <br/> Dependencies -------------- <br/> - PHP >= 5.4 - [eMapper-annotations](https://github.com/emaphp/eMapper-annotations "") package - [eMacros](https://github.com/emaphp/eMacros "") package <br/> Installation -------------- <br/> **Installation through Composer** <br/> ```javascript { "require": { "emapper/emapper" : "3.2" } } ``` <br/> About ------------ <br/> *eMapper* is a PHP library aimed to provide a simple, powerful and highly customizable data mapping tool. It comes with some interesting features like: - **Customized mapping**: Results can be mapped to a desired type through mapping expressions. - **Indexation and Grouping**: Lists can be indexed or grouped together by a column value. - **Custom types**: Developers can design their own types and custom type handlers. - **Cache providers**: Obtained data can be stored in cache using APC or Memcache. - **Dynamic SQL**: Queries can contain Dynamic SQL clauses writted in *eMacros*. - **Entity Managers**: Managers provide a set of small ORM features which are common in similar frameworks. <br/> Introduction ----------- <br/> >Step 1: Pick an engine eMapper supports SQLite, PostgreSQL and MySQL (or MariaDB if you prefer). Creating a connection requires creating an instance of the corresponding driver. ```php //MYSQL use eMapper\Engine\MySQL\MySQLDriver; $driver = new MySQLDriver('database', 'localhost', 'user', 'passw'); //... //SQLite use eMapper\Engine\SQLite\SQLiteDriver; $driver = new SQLiteDriver('database.sqlite'); //... //PostgreSQL use eMapper\Engine\PostgreSQL\PostgreSQLDriver; $driver = new PostgreSQLDriver('host=localhost port=5432 dbname=database user=postgres password=123456'); ``` <br/> >Step 2: The Data Mapper Now that the connection driver is ready we create an intance of the *Mapper* class. ```php use eMapper\Mapper; $mapper = new Mapper($driver); ``` <br/> >Step 3: Have fun eMapper is not ORM-oriented but type-oriented. Everything revolves around queries and *mapping expressions*. The following examples try to give you an idea of how the data mapping engine works. ```php //by default, results are mapped to an array of arrays $users = $mapper->query("SELECT * FROM users"); foreach ($users as $user) { echo $user['name']; //... } //to indicate the desired type we overload the mapper instance by calling the type method $username = $mapper->type('string')->query("SELECT name FROM users WHERE id = 100"); //queries can receive a variable number of arguments $users = $mapper->query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE surname = %{s} AND id > %{i}", "Doe", 1000); //'arr' (or 'array') returns a row as an associative array $user = $mapper->type('arr')->query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = %{s}", 'emaphp'); //using 'obj' as mapping expression will convert a row to an instance of stdClass $user = $mapper->type('obj')->query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = %{i}", 42); //close connection $mapper->close(); ``` <br/> Mapping 101 ----------- <br/> #####Simple types ```php //mapping to an integer ('i', 'int', 'integer') $total = $mapper->type('i')->query("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users WHERE sex = %{s}", 'F'); //mapping to a boolean ('b', 'bool', 'boolean') $suscribed = $mapper->type('b')->query("SELECT is_suscribed FROM users WHERE id = %{i}", 99); //mapping to a float ('f', 'float', 'real', 'double') $price = $mapper->type('f')->query("SELECT MAX(price) FROM products WHERE refurbished = {b}", false); //mapping to a string ('s', 'str', 'string') $body = $mapper->type('s')->query("SELECT message FROM posts WHERE slug = %{s}", 'emapper_rocks'); //dates ('DateTime', 'dt', 'timestamp', 'datetime') $lastLogin = $mapper->type('dt')->query("SELECT last_login FROM users WHERE id = %{i}", 1984); //finally, you can tell the exact column to fetch by providing a second argument $code = $mapper->type('s', 'serial')->query("SELECT * FROM products WHERE id = %{i}", 101); ``` <br/> #####Arrays ```php //by default, an array contains both numeric and associative indexes $movie = $mapper->type('array')->query("SELECT * FROM movies WHERE id = %{i}", 55); //but you can change this by adding a second argument use eMapper\Result\ArrayType; //numeric only $movie = $mapper->type('array', ArrayType::NUM)->query("SELECT * FROM movies WHERE id = %{i}", 56); //associative only $movie = $mapper->type('array', ArrayType::ASSOC)->query("SELECT * FROM movies WHERE id = %{i}", 57); ``` <br/> #####Objects ```php //mapping to a stdClass instance ('obj', 'object') $book = $mapper->type('obj')->query("SELECT * FROM books WHERE isbn = %{s}", "9789507315428"); //using a custom class $book = $mapper->type('obj:Acme\Library\Book')->query("SELECT * FROM books WHERE isbn = %{s}", "9788437604183"); ``` *Note*: One important thing to remember when mapping to a structure is that values contained in columns declared using the DATE or DATETIME types are converted to instances of [DateTime](http://ar2.php.net/manual/en/class.datetime.php ""). <br/> Lists ----------- <br/> #####Simple types ```php //just add brackets at the end of the expression and you're done $id_list = $mapper->type('int[]')->query("SELECT id FROM users"); $prices = $mapper->type('float[]')->query("SELECT price FROM products"); $isbn_list = $mapper->type('string[]')->query("SELECT isbn FROM books"); $creation_dates = $mapper->type('dt[]')->query("SELECT created_at FROM posts"); //again, a second argument could be provided to define which column to fetch $refurbished = $mapper->type('bool[]', 'refurbished')->query("SELECT * FROM products"); ``` <br/> #####Arrays and Objects ```php //same rule applies to arrays and objects $users = $mapper->type('obj[]')->query("SELECT * FROM users"); //an array type could also be provided when mapping to lists use eMapper\Result\ArrayType; $users = $mapper->type('arr[]', ArrayType::ASSOC)->query("SELECT * FROM users"); ``` <br/> Indexes and Groups ----------------------- <br/> #####Indexes ```php //the index column goes between brackets $books = $mapper->type('array[id]')->query("SELECT * FROM books"); //a default type could be added right next to it $products = $mapper->type('arr[id:string]')->query("SELECT * FROM products"); //make sure the column is present in the result (this won't work) $books = $mapper->type('obj[isbn]')->query("SELECT id, name, price FROM books"); //when mapping to arrays, the index should be represented appropriately use eMapper\Result\ArrayType; //use first column as index $products = $mapper->type('arr[0]', ArrayType::NUM)->query("SELECT * FROM products"); ``` <br/> #####Groups ```php //group by a known column $products = $mapper->type('arr<category>')->query("SELECT * FROM products"); //a type could also be specified $books = $mapper->type('obj<publisher:string>')->query("SELECT * FROM books"); //both expressions can be mixed to obtain interesting results $products = $mapper->type('obj<category>[id:int]')->query("SELECT * FROM products"); ``` <br/> #####Callbacks ```php //lists could also be indexed using a closure $products = $mapper->type('array[]') ->index_callback(function ($product) { //return a custom made index return $product['code'] . '_' . $product['id']; }) ->query("SELECT * FROM products"); // a group callback does what you expect //it can also be combined with indexes if needed $products = $mapper->type('obj[id]') ->group_callback(function ($product) { return substr($product->category, 0, 3); }) ->query("SELECT * FROM products"); ``` <br/> Queries ------- <br/> #####Query arguments ```php //arguments the easy way (type identifier between braces) $products = $mapper->type('obj[]')->query("SELECT * FROM products WHERE price < %{f} AND category = %{s}", 699.99, 'Laptops'); //argument by position (and optional type) $products = $mapper->type('obj[]')->query("SELECT * FROM products WHERE category = %{1} AND price < %{0:f}", 699.99, 'Laptops'); ``` <br/> #####Arrays/Objects as argument ```php //array as parameter $parameter = ['password' => sha1('qwerty'), 'modified_at' => new \DateTime]; $mapper->query("UPDATE users SET password = #{password}, modified_at = #{modified_at:dt} WHERE name = %{1:string}", $parameter, 'emaphp'); //syntax works with objects as well use Acme\CMS\Comment; $comment = new Comment(); $comment->setUserId(100); $comment->setBody("Hello World"); $mapper->query("INSERT INTO comments (user_id, body) VALUES (#{userId}, #{body});", $comment); ``` *Note*: The syntax for array/object attributes work as long as you provide the array/object as the first argument. <br/> Named Queries ------------- <br/> #####Statements ```php //declaring a statement $mapper->stmt("findUserByPk", "SELECT * FROM users WHERE user_id = %{i}"); //statements are invoked with the execute method $mapper->type('obj[]')->execute('findUserByPk', 100); ``` <br/> #####Configuration ```php //the stmt method supports a third argument with the predefined configuration for that query use eMapper\SQL\Statement; //declare statement $mapper->stmt('findProductsByCategory', "SELECT * FROM products WHERE category = %{s}", Statement::type('obj[]')); //get products as an object list $products = $mapper->execute('findProductsByCategory', 'Audio'); //override default configuration and return result as an indexed list of arrays $products = $mapper->type('array[id]')->execute('findProductsByCategory', 'Smartphones'); ``` <br/> #####Namespaces ```php //namespaces provide a more organized way of declaring statements use eMapper\SQL\SQLNamespace; use eMapper\SQL\Statement; class UsersNamespace extends SQLNamespace { public function __construct() { //set namespace id through parent constructor parent::__construct('users'); $this->stmt('findByPk', "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = %{i}", Statement::type('obj')); $this->stmt('findByName', "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = %{s}", Statement::type('obj')); $this->stmt('findRecent' "SELECT * FROM users WHERE created_at >= subdate(NOW(), INTERVAL 3 DAY)", Statement::type('obj[id:int]')); } } //add namespace $mapper->addNamespace(new UsersNamespace()); //namespace id must be specified as a prefix $user = $mapper->execute('users.findByPK', 4); ``` <br/> Stored procedures ----------------- <br/> #####Invoking stored procedures The *Mapper* class uses [method overloading](http://php.net//manual/en/language.oop5.overloading.php "") to translate an invokation to an non-existant method into a stored procedure call. ```php //MySQL: CALL Users_Clean() //PostgreSQL: SELECT Users_Clean() $mapper->Users_Clean(); //if database prefix is set it is used as a prefix $mapper->setPrefix('COM_'); //MySQL: CALL COM_Users_Clean() //PostgreSQL: SELECT COM_Users_Clean() $mapper->Users_Clean(); ``` <br/> #####Mapping values ```php //simple values con be obtained like usual $total = $mapper->type('i')->Users_CountActive(); //engines may differ in how to treat a structured value $user = $mapper->type('obj')->Users_FindByPK(3); //works in MySQL only //PostgreSQL needs an additional configuration value //SQL: SELECT * FROM Users_FindByPK(3) $user = $mapper->type('obj')->option('proc.as_table', true)->Users_FindByPK(3); ``` <br/> Entity Managers --------------- <br/> #####Entities and Annotations Writing all your queries can turn very frustating real soon. Luckily, eMapper provides a small set of ORM features that can save you a lot of time. Entity managers are objects that behave like DAOs ([Data Access Object](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_access_object "")) for a specified class. The first step to create an entity manager is designing an entity class. The following example shows an entity class named *Product*. The *Product* class obtains its values from the *pŕoducts* table, indicated by the *@Entity* annotation. This class defines 5 attributes, and each one defines its type through the *@Type* annotation. If the attribute name differs from the column name we can specify a *@Column* annotation indicating the real one. As a general rule, all entities must define a primary key attribute. The *Product* class sets its **id** attribute as primary key using the *@Id* annotation. ```php namespace Acme\Factory; /** * @Entity products */ class Product { /** * @Id * @Type integer */ private $id; /** * @Type string * @Column pcod */ private $code; /** * @Type string */ private $description; /** * @Type string */ private $category; /** * @Type float */ private $price; public function getId() { return $this->id; } public function setCode($code) { $this->code = $code; } public function getCode() { return $this->code; } public function setDescription($description) { $this->description = $description; } public function getDescription() { return $this->description; } public function setCategory($category) { $this->category = $category; } public function getCategory(){ return $this->category; } public function setPrice($price) { $this->price = $price; } public function getPrice() { return $this->price; } } ``` Managers are created through the *buildManager* method in the *Mapper* class. This method expects the entity class full name. Managers are capable of getting results using filters without having to write SQL manually. ```php //create a products manager $products = $mapper->buildManager('Acme\\Factory\\Product'); //get by id $product = $products->findByPk(4); //obtain a product by code use eMapper\Query\Attr; $product = $products->get(Attr::code()->eq('XXX098')); //get a list of products by a given category $list = $products->find(Attr::category()->eq('Laptops')); //define a filter (category = 'E-Books' AND price < 799.99) $list = $products ->filter(Attr::category()->eq('E-Books'), Attr::price()->lt(799.99)) ->find(); //OR condition (category = 'E-Books' OR price < 799.99) use eMapper\Query\Q; $list = $products ->filter(Q::where(Attr::category()->eq('E-Books'), Attr::price()->lt(799.99))) ->find(); //exclude (category <> 'Fitness') $list = $products ->exclude(Attr::category()->eq('Fitness')) ->find(); //reverse condition (description NOT LIKE '%Apple%') $list = $products ->filter(Attr::description()->contains('Apple', false)) ->find(); ``` <br/> #####Manager utilities ```php use eMapper\Query\Attr; //getting all products indexed by id $list = $products->index(Attr::id())->find(); //or grouped by category $list = $products->group(Attr::category())->find(); //callbacks work as well $list = $products ->index_callback(function ($product) { return $product->getId() . substr($product->getCode(), 0, 5); }) ->find(); //order and limit clauses $list = $products ->order_by(Attr::id()) ->limit(15) ->find(); //setting the order type $list = $products ->order_by(Attr::id('ASC'), Attr::category()) ->limit(10, 20) ->find(); //count products of a given category $total = $products ->filter(Attr::category()->eq('Audio')) ->count(); //average price $avg = $products ->exclude(Attr::category()->eq('Laptops')) ->avg(Attr::price()); //max price (returns as integer) $max = $products ->filter(Attr::code()->startswith('SONY')) ->max(Attr::price(), 'int'); ``` <br/> #####Storing objects ```php use Acme\Factory\Product; //create manager $products = $mapper->buildManager('Acme\Factory\Product'); $product = new Product; $product->setCode('ACM001'); $product->setDescription('Test product'); $product->setCategory('Explosives'); $product->setPrice(149.90); //save object $products->save($product); //if the entity already has an id 'save' produces an UPDATE query $product = $products->get(Attr::code()->eq('ACM001')); $product->setPrice(129.90); $products->save($product); ``` <br/> #####Deleting objects ```php //create manager $products = $mapper->buildManager('Acme\Factory\Product'); //delete expects an entity as parameter $product = $products->findByPk(20); $products->delete($product); //reduced version $products->deleteWhere(Attr::id()->eq(20)); //for security reasions, truncating a table requires a special method $products->truncate(); ``` <br/> Entity Namespaces ----------------- <br/> #####Introduction Entity namespaces are classes that generate statements from an entity class automatically. These classes receive their respective ids from the *@DefaultNamespace* annotation in the entity class declaration. When not specified, the namespace takes the value indicated by the *@Entity* annotation. ```php namespace Acme\Factory; /** * @Entity products * @DefaultNamespace products */ class Product { /** * @Id * @Type integer */ private $id; /** * @Unique * @Type string */ private $code; /** * @Type string */ private $description; /** * @Type string */ private $category; /** * @Type float */ private $price; //... } ``` <br/> #####Adding a entity namespace ```php //add an entity namespace use eMapper\SQL\EntityNamespace; $mapper->addEntityNamespace(new EntityNamespace('Acme\Factory\Product')); //find by primary key $product = $mapper->execute('products.findByPk', 2); //find all $products = $mapper->execute('products.findAll'); //find by $products = $mapper->execute('products.findByCategory', 'Laptops'); //override mapping expression $products = $mapper->type('obj:Acme\Factory\Product[id]')->execute('descriptionIsNull'); ``` <br/> #####Statement list <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Statement ID</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Returned Value</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>findByPk</td> <td><em>products.findByPk</em></td> <td>Instance (NULL if not found)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>findAll</td> <td><em>products.findAll</em></td> <td>List</td> </tr> <tr> <td>findBy{PROPERTY}</td> <td><em>products.findByCode</em></td> <td>Instance if property is @Id or @Unique, a list otherwise</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{PROPERTY}[Not]Equals</td> <td><em>products.codeEquals</em><br/><em>products.priceNotEquals</em></td> <td>Instance if property is @Id or @Unique, a list otherwise</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{PROPERTY}[Not][I]Contains</td> <td><em>products.categoryContains</em><br/><em>products.descriptionNotContains</em><br/><em>products.categoryIContains</em></td> <td>List</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{PROPERTY}[Not][I]StartsWith</td> <td><em>products.categoryStartsWith</em><br/><em>products.descriptionNotStartsWith</em><br/><em>products.categoryIStartsWith</em></td> <td>List</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{PROPERTY}[Not][I]EndsWith</td> <td><em>products.categoryEndsWith</em><br/><em>products.descriptionNotEndsWith</em><br/><em>products.categoryIEndsWith</em></td> <td>List</td> </tr> <tr> <td>{PROPERTY}[Not]In</td> <td><em>products.idIn</em><br/><em>products.idNotIn</em></td> <td>List</td> </tr> <tbody> <td>{PROPERTY}[Not]GreaterThan[Equal]</td> <td><em>products.idGreaterThan</em><br/><em>products.priceGreaterThanEqual</em><br/><em>products.priceNotGreaterThan</em></td> <td>List</td> </tbody> <tbody> <td>{PROPERTY}[Not]LessThan[Equal]</td> <td><em>products.idLessThan</em><br/><em>products.priceLessThanEqual</em><br/><em>products.priceNotLessThan</em></td> <td>List</td> </tbody> <tbody> <td>{PROPERTY}[Not]IsNull</td> <td><em>products.descriptionIsNull</em><br/><em>products.descriptionIsNotNull</em></td> <td>List</td> </tbody> <tbody> <td>{PROPERTY}[Not]Between</td> <td><em>products.priceBetween</em><br/><em>products.priceNotBetween</em></td> <td>List</td> </tbody> <tbody> <td>{PROPERTY}[Not][I]Matches</td> <td><em>products.categoryMatches</em><br/><em>products.codeNotMatches</em><br/><em>products.descriptionIMatches</em></td> <td>List</td> </tbody> </table> <br/> Associations ----------- <br/> #####Introduction Associations provide an easy way to fetch data related to an entity. As expected, they also need to be declared using a special set of annotations. Their types include *one-to-one*, *one-to-many*, *many-to-one* and *many-to-many*. <br/> #####One-To-One The next example shows 2 entities (*Profile* and *User*) and how to declare a One-To-One association to obtain a *User* entity from a fetched profile. ```php namespace Acme; /** * @Entity profiles */ class Profile { /** * @Id * @Type integer */ private $id; /** * @Column user_id */ private $userId; /** * @Column firstname */ private $firstName; /** * @Type string */ private $surname; /** * @OneToOne User * @Attr(userId) */ private $user; //... } ``` In this example, the *Product* class declares a **user** property which defines a one-to-one association with the *User* class. The *@Attr* annotation specifies which property is used to perform the required join. ```php namespace Acme; /** * @Entity users */ class User { /** * @Id * @Type integer */ private $id; /** * @Column username */ private $name; /** * @OneToOne Profile * @Attr userId * @Lazy */ private $profile; //... } ``` The *User* class defines the **profile** property as a one-to-one associaton with the *Profile* class. Notice that this time the *@Attr* annotation defines the property name as a value, not as an argument. Also, this association is declared as **lazy**, which means that is not evaluated right away. The following example shows how to obtain a *Profile* instance and its associated user. ```php //obtain the profile with ID = 100 $manager = $mapper->buildManager('Acme\Profile'); $profile = $manager->findByPk(100); // returns a Profile instance $user = $profile->getUser(); // returns the associated User instance ``` Lazy associations returns an instance of *eMapper\AssociationManager*. This means that invoking the *getProfile* method will return a manager instance. In order to get the referred value we append a call to the *fetch* method. ```php //obtain the user with ID = 100 $manager = $mapper->buildManager('Acme\User'); $user = $manager->findByPk(100); $profile = $user->getProfile(); // returns an AssociationManager instance $profile = $user->getProfile()->fetch(); // fetch() returns the desired result ``` Associations also provide a mechanism to query for related attributes. Suppose we want to obtain a profile by its user name. We can do this by using a special syntax that specifies the association property and the comparison attribute separated by a doble underscore. ```php use eMapper\Query\Attr; //build manager $manager = $mapper->buildManager('Acme\Profile'); //users.name = 'jdoe' $profile = $manager->get(Attr::user__name()->eq('jdoe')); ``` <br/> #####One-To-Many and Many-To-One Suppose we need to design a pet shop database to store data from a list of clients and their respective pets. The first step after creating the database will be implementing the *Client* and *Pet* entity classes. The *Client* class has a one-to-many association to the *Pet* class provided through the **pets** property. The required attribute (**clientId**) is specified as a value of the *@Attr* annotation.This annotation references to the attribute in the *Pet* class that stores the client identifier. ```php namespace Acme; /** * @Entity clients */ class Client { /** * @Id */ private $id; /** * @Type string */ private $name; /** * @Type string */ private $surname; /** * @OneToMany Pet * @Attr clientId */ private $pets; } ``` This small example obtains all clients that have dogs. ```php use eMapper\Query\Attr; $manager = $mapper->buildManager('Acme\Client'); //get all clients that have dogs $clients = $manager->find(Attr::pets__type()->eq('Dog')); ``` From the point of view of the *Pet* class this is a many-to-one association. The **owner** association is resolved through the **clientId** attribute of the current class, meaning that in this case it has to be specified as an argument of the *@Attr* annotation. ```php namespace Acme; /** * @Entity pets */ class Pet { /** * @Id */ private $id; /** * @Column client_id */ private $clientId; /** * @Type string */ private $name; /** * @Type string */ private $type; /** * @Column birth_date * @Type string */ private $birthDate; /** * @ManyToOne Client * @Attr(clientId) */ private $owner; //... } ``` This small example obtains all pets for a given client. ```php use eMapper\Query\Attr; $manager = $mapper->buildManager('Acme\Pet'); //get all pets of Joe Doe $pets = $manager->find(Attr::owner__name()->eq('Joe'), Attr::owner__surname()->eq('Doe')); ``` <br/> #####Many-To-Many Many-To-Many associations are kind of special as they need to provide the name of the join table that resolves the association. Suppose that we want to add a **favorites** association from the *User* class to the *Product* class. ```php namespace Acme; /** * @Entity users */ class User { /** * @Id */ private $id; /** * @Column username */ private $name; /** * @Type string */ private $mail; /** * @ManyToMany Product * @JoinWith(favorites) prod_id * @Column usr_id * @Lazy */ private $favorites; } ``` The *@JoinWith* annotation must provide the join table name as argument and the column that references the associated entity as value. In this case, this association is resolved using the *favorites* table and the product identifier is stored using the *prod_id* column. The *@Column* annotation must then declare which column in the *favorites* table identifies the current entity. The following code shows an example on how to query for a user favorited products. ```php use eMapper\Query\Attr; $manager = $mapper->buildManager('Acme\User'); //get all users that like Android $users = $manager->find(Attr::favorites__description()->contains('Android')); ``` <br/> #####Recursive associations There are some scenarios in which an entity is associated to itself in more than one way. In this example we'll introduce the *Category* entity class to explore in detail this type of associations. ```php namespace Acme; /** * @Entity categories */ class Category { /** * @Id */ private $id; /** * @Type string */ private $name; /** * @Type integer */ private $parentId; /** * @ManyToOne Category * @Attr(parentId) */ private $parent; /** * @OneToMany Category * @Attr parentId */ private $subcategories; //... } ``` The *Category* class its related to itself through the **parent** and **subcategories** associations. Both of them need to specify the *parentId* attribute as the join attribute. Obtaining all subcategories of a given category can be resolved in the following way. ```php use eMapper\Query\Attr; $manager = $mapper->buildManager('Acme\Category'); //get all subcategories of 'Technology' $categories = $mapper->find(Attr::parent__name()->eq('Technology')); ``` <br/> Dynamic SQL ----------- <br/> #####Introduction Queries could also contain logic expressions which are evaluated againts current arguments. These expressions (or S-expressions) are written in [eMacros](https://github.com/emaphp/eMacros ""), a language based on lisphp. Dynamic expressions are included between the delimiters [? and ?]. The next example shows a query that sets the condition dynamically according to the argument type. ```sql SELECT * FROM users WHERE [? (if (int? (%0)) 'id = %{i}' 'name = %{s}') ?] ``` ```php //add named query $mapper->stmt('findUser', "SELECT * FROM users WHERE [? (if (int? (%0)) 'id = %{i}' 'name = %{s}') ?]"); //find by id $user = $mapper->type('obj')->execute('findUser', 99); //find by name $user = $mapper->type('obj')->execute('findUser', 'emaphp'); ``` <br/> #####eMacros 101 Just to give you a basic approach of how S-expressions work here's a list of small examples. Refer to eMacros documentation for more. ```lisp ; simple math (+ 4 10) ; 14 (- 10 4) ; 6 (* 5 3 2) ; 30 ; sum first two arguments (+ (%0) (%1)) ; concat (. "Hello" " " "World!") ; is int? (int? 6) ; true ; is string? (string? true) ; false ; cast to float (as-float "65.32") ; get property value (#description) ; get configuration value (@default_order) ; if then else (if (null? (#id)) "No id found!" (#id)) ; returns id when not null ``` <br/> #####Configuration values This example adds an ORDER clause if the configuration key 'order' is set. ```sql SELECT * FROM users [? (if (@order?) (. 'ORDER BY ' (@order))) ?] ``` ```php //add named query $mapper->stmt('obtainUsers', "SELECT * FROM users [? (if (@order?) (. 'ORDER BY ' (@order))) ?]"); //get all users $mapper->type('obj[]')->execute('obtainUsers'); //the option method creates an instance with an additional configuration value //get ordered users $mapper->type('obj[]')->option('order', 'last_login')->execute('obtainUsers'); ``` <br/> #####Typed expressions A value returned by a dynamic SQL expression can be associated to a type by adding the type identifier right after the first delimiter. This example simulates a search using the LIKE operator with the value returned by a dynamic expression that returns a string. ```sql SELECT * FROM users WHERE name LIKE [?string (. '%' (%0) '%') ?] ``` ```php //add named query $mapper->stmt('searchUsers', "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name LIKE [?string (. '%' (%0) '%') ?]"); //search by name $users = $mapper->map('obj[]')->execute('searchUsers', 'ema'); ``` <br/> Dynamic Attributes ------------------ <br/> #####Introduction While associations are pretty useful by themselves you may want to go a step further. A dynamic attibute is a property that is the result of a query or calculation. This means that attributes could either be associated to a macro or a custom user query. <br/> #####Querys This example introduces a new entity class named *Sale*. A sale is obviously related to a product. Let's say that we want to obtain that product using the corresponding column. In order to do this, we add a **product** property which includes a special *@Query* annotation. This annotation expects a string containing the query that solves this association. Notice that *Sale* must define a **productId** property in order to store the value sent to the query. ```php namespace Acme\Factory; /** * @Entity sales */ class Sale { /** * @Id */ private $id; /** * @Column product_id */ private $productId; /** * @Query "SELECT * FROM products WHERE id = #{productId}" * @Type obj:Acme\Factory\Product */ private $product; //... } ``` When used along with *@Query*, the *@Type* annotation specifies the mapping expression to use. <br/> #####Adding parameters The *@Parameter* annotation can be used to define a list of arguments for a dynamic attribute. These arguments can be either a property of the current entity or a constant value. A special annotation *@Self* indicates that the current instance is used as first argument. Knowing this we can redefine the product property in two ways. ```php /** * @Query "SELECT * FROM products WHERE id = #{productId}" * @Self * @Type obj:Acme\Factory\Product */ private $product; //Here @Self is not required because the default //behaviour already uses the entity as unique argument /** * @Query "SELECT * FROM products WHERE id = %{i}" * @Parameter(productId) * @Type obj:Acme\Factory\Product */ private $product; //Here productId is the only argument for this query //This requires a modification in the query argument expression ``` In other words, *@Self* must be added if the specified query receives the current instance and an additional value as arguments. The next example adds a **relatedProducts** property in the *Product* class that includes 2 arguments: the current partial instance and a integer value that sets the amount of objects to return. ```php namespace Acme\Factory; class Product { //... /** * @Query "SELECT * FROM products WHERE category = #{category} LIMIT %{i}" * @Self * @Parameter 10 * @Type obj::Acme\Factory\Product[id] */ private $relatedProducts; } ``` <br/> #####Statements Named queries could also be called from a dynamic attribute by adding the *@StatementId* annotation. ```php namespace Acme\Factory; /** * @Entity sales */ class Sale { /** * @Id */ private $id; /** * @Column product_id */ private $productId; /** * @StatementId products.findByPk * @Parameter(productId) * @Type obj:Acme\Factory\Product */ private $product; //... } ``` <br/> #####Stored procedures Procedures are defined through the *@Procedure* annotation. There's not much to say about them except that they ignore the *@Self* annotation for obvious reasons. ```php /** * @Entity products */ class Product { /** * @Id */ private $id; /** * @Type string */ private $category; /** * @Procedure Products_AvgPriceByCategory * @Parameter(category) * @Type float */ private $averagePrice; //... } ``` <br/> #####Macros *@Eval* evaluates a macro against current entity. Examples of usage of these type of attributes are getting a person's fullname or calculating his age. ```php /** * @Entity people */ class Person { /** * @Id */ private $id; /** * @Type string */ private $name; /** * @Column surname */ private $lastname; /** * @Column birth_date * @Type dt */ private $birthDate; /** * @Eval (. (#name) ' ' (#lastname)) */ private $fullname; //build person's full name /** * @Eval (as-int (diff-format (#birthDate) (now) "%y")) */ private $age; //calculate person's age //... } ``` <br/> #####Conditional attributes The *@If* and *@IfNot* annotations are used to define conditional attributes. These attributes are evaluated if the given expression evaluates to true with @If and false with *@IfNot*. Conditions must be expressed alaso as macros. ```php /** * @Entity users */ class User { /** * @Id */ private $id; /** * @Type string */ private $type; /** * @If (== (#type) 'member') * @StatementId "users.loginHistory" * @Parameter(id) */ private $loginHistory; //get login history if user is a member /** * @IfNot (or (== (#type) 'member') (== (#type) 'guest')) * @StatementId 'admin.findNotifications' * @Parameter(id) */ private $abuseNotifications; //get admin notifications if not a member nor guest } ``` <br/> #####Options The *@Option* annotation set a custom option value for the current attribute. An option must define its name by setting it between parentheses just before the value. ```php /** * @Entity users */ class User { /** * @Id */ private $id; /** * @Query "SELECT * FROM contacts WHERE user_id = %{i} [? (. 'ORDER BY ' (@order)) ?]" * @Parameter(id) * @Option(order) 'contact_type' */ private $contacts; //... } ``` <br/> Cache ----- <br/> #####Introduction Currently, eMapper supports APC, Memcache and Memcached. Before setting a cache provider make sure the required extension is correctly installed. <br/> #####Providers ```php //APC use eMapper\Cache\APCProvider; $provider = new APCProvider; $mapper->setCacheProvider($provider); //Memcache use eMapper\Cache\MemcacheProvider; $provider = new MemcacheProvider('localhost', 11211); $mapper->setCacheProvider($provider); //Memcached use eMapper\Cache\MemcachedProvider; $provider = new MemcachedProvider('mem'); $mapper->setProvider($provider); ``` <br/> #####Storing values ```php //get users and store values with the key 'USERS_ALL' (time to live: 60 sec) //if the key is found in cache no query takes place (write once, run forever) $users = $mapper->cache('USERS_ALL', 60)->query("SELECT * FROM users"); //cache keys also receive query arguments //store values with the key 'USER_6' $user = $mapper->type('obj')->cache('USER_%{i}', 120)->query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = %{i}", 6); ``` <br/> Custom types ------------ <br/> #####Introduction Type handlers are classes that manage how a value is stored and retrieved from a column. To introduce how a type handler works we'll introduce a custom type called *RGBColor*. ```php namespace Acme; //the RGBColor class is a three component class that //stores the amount of red, green and blue in a color class RGBColor { public $red; public $green; public $blue; public function __construct($red, $green, $blue) { $this->red = $red; $this->green = $green; $this->blue = $blue; } } ``` <br/> #####Type handlers A type handler extends the *eMapper\Type\TypeHandler* class and implements the *setParameter* and *getValue* methods. ```php namespace Acme; use eMapper\Type\TypeHandler; class RGBColorTypeHandler extends TypeHandler { /** * Converts a RGBColor instance to a string expression */ public function setParameter($color) { $red = ($color->red < 16) ? '0' . dechex($color->red) : dechex($color->red % 256); $green = ($color->green < 16) ? '0' . dechex($color->green % 256) : dechex($color->green); $blue = ($color->blue < 15) ? '0' . dechex($color->blue) : dechex($color->blue % 256); return $red . $green . $blue; } /** * Generates a new RGBColor instance from a string value */ public function getValue($value) { return new RGBColor(hexdec(substr($value, 0, 2)), hexdec(substr($value, 2, 2)), hexdec(substr($value, 4, 2))); } } ``` <br/> #####Types and aliases ```php //add type use Acme\RGBColorTypeHandler; $mapper->addType('Acme\RGBColor', new RGBColorTypeHandler()); //mapping to RGBColor $color = $mapper->type('Acme\RGBColor')->query("SELECT color FROM palette WHERE id = 1"); //using an alias $mapper->addType('Acme\RGBColor', new RGBColorTypeHandler(), 'rgb'); //mapping to RGBColor using the previously defined alias $color = $mapper->type('rgb')->query("SELECT color FROM palette WHERE id = 1"); ``` <br/> #####Using custom types ```php /** * @Entity vehicles */ class Car { /** * @Id * @Type integer */ private $id; /** * @Type string */ private $manufacturer; /** * @Type rgb */ private $color; //... } ``` <br/> License -------------- <br/> This code is licensed under the BSD 2-Clause license.

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  Accessible without login Plain text file EnvironmentTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file StatementTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file TypeHandlerTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  Cache  
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  Accessible without login Plain text file ArgumentCacheKeyTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file CacheKeyTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file ParameterMapTest.php Test Unit test script

  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  MySQL  
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Files folder imageAttribute (3 files)
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  Accessible without login Plain text file DynamicSQLTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file EntityNamespaceTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file ManagerTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file MapperBuilderTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file MySQLTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file QueryTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file ResultIteratorTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  MySQL  /  Attribute  
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  Accessible without login Plain text file ConditionalAttributeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file DepthTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Accessible without login Plain text file APCTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Accessible without login Plain text file EachCallbackTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file FilterCallbackTest.php Test Unit test script
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Files folder imageArrayMapper (2 files)
Files folder imageObjectMapper (4 files)
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  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  MySQL  /  Mapper  /  ArrayMapper  
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  Accessible without login Plain text file ArrayMapperTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Accessible without login Plain text file DefaultMapTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Accessible without login Plain text file ObjectMapperTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Accessible without login Plain text file BooleanTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file CustomTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file DatetimeTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file FloatTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file IntegerTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  PostgreSQL  
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Files folder imageAttribute (3 files)
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  Accessible without login Plain text file BlobInsertTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file DynamicSQLTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file EntityNamespaceTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Accessible without login Plain text file ConditionalAttributeTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Accessible without login Plain text file APCTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file MemcachedTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Accessible without login Plain text file EachCallbackTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  PostgreSQL  /  Mapper  
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Files folder imageArrayMapper (2 files)
Files folder imageObjectMapper (4 files)
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  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  PostgreSQL  /  Mapper  /  ArrayMapper  
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  Accessible without login Plain text file ArrayMapperTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  PostgreSQL  /  Mapper  /  ObjectMapper  
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  Accessible without login Plain text file DefaultMapTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Accessible without login Plain text file BooleanTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file CustomTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file DatetimeTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file FloatTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file IntegerTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  Query  
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  Accessible without login Plain text file AttrTest.php Test Unit test script

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  Accessible without login Plain text file ParameterMapTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  Regex  
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  Accessible without login Plain text file ArrayRegexTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  SQLite  
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Files folder imageAttribute (3 files)
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  Accessible without login Plain text file DynamicSQLTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file EntityNamespaceTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file InsertionTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  SQLite  /  Attribute  
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  Accessible without login Plain text file ConditionalAttributeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file DepthTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Accessible without login Plain text file APCTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file MemcachedTest.php Test Unit test script
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  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  SQLite  /  Callback  
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  Accessible without login Plain text file EachCallbackTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file FilterCallbackTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file GroupCallbackTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file IndexCallbackTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file OverrideCallbackTest.php Test Unit test script

  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  SQLite  /  Mapper  
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Files folder imageArrayMapper (2 files)
Files folder imageObjectMapper (5 files)
Files folder imageScalarMapper (6 files)

  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  SQLite  /  Mapper  /  ArrayMapper  
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  Accessible without login Plain text file ArrayMapperTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file ResultMapTest.php Test Unit test script

  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  SQLite  /  Mapper  /  ObjectMapper  
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  Accessible without login Plain text file DefaultMapTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file EntityTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file ObjectMapperTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file ResultMapClassTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file ResultMapTest.php Test Unit test script

  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  SQLite  /  Mapper  /  ScalarMapper  
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  Accessible without login Plain text file BooleanTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file CustomTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file DatetimeTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file FloatTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file IntegerTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file StringTypeTest.php Test Unit test script

  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  SQLite  /  Result  
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Files folder imageArrayMapper (2 files)
Files folder imageObjectMapper (5 files)
Files folder imageScalarMapper (6 files)

  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  SQLite  /  Result  /  ArrayMapper  
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  Accessible without login Plain text file ArrayMapperTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file ResultMapTest.php Test Unit test script

  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  SQLite  /  Result  /  ObjectMapper  
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  Accessible without login Plain text file DefaultMapTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file EntityTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file ObjectMapperTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file ResultMapClassTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file ResultMapTest.php Test Unit test script

  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  SQLite  /  Result  /  ScalarMapper  
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  Accessible without login Plain text file BooleanTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file CustomTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file DateTimeTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file FloatTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file IntegerTypeTest.php Test Unit test script
  Accessible without login Plain text file StringTypeTest.php Test Unit test script

  Files folder image Files  /  tests  /  eMapper  /  Type  
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  Accessible without login Plain text file TypeManagerTest.php Test Unit test script

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